Improving Safety Awareness In Offshore Environment: Organizational Safety Culture
Health and Safety Culture:
The safety and health culture might be stated in a form of a combination of values, attitudes, and beliefs, which add as well as enable environment and hygiene trait within a business structure. The idea of safety and health culture appears to be identified and preserved in a form of a contributed idea as it looks for engagement of every member of firms.
With reference to this matter, the fundamental project focuses on offering full valuation of safety and health culture within international offshore environments. These valuations must be then employed in case of establishing as well as suggesting a structure accomplished of mixing trait of safety as well as culture in international offshore environments.
The notion of health and safety culture is further explored in this part, as stated earlier, secondary sources like educational publications, journal articles, books; research reports, etc. are used for this purpose. The several sub-sections of the literature review are:
The idea of offshore health and safety culture has been described by several authors and researchers in various magnitudes. Some have recognized it as a procedure and philosophy whilst others have stated it to be in terms of method and device of holding human resource (Calixto, 2016). This unit of literature review will try to discover the most potential magnitude of offshore health and safety culture so as to achieve deeper understanding.
Offshore health and safety culture is recognized in six main dimensions in the outline of it, that are interconnected with each other and effective functioning of all the dimensions is compulsory for the effective execution of the health and safety culture in offshore oil and gas sector (Ferris & Murphy, 2015). The six dimensions were said to be commitment, conduct, alertness, flexibility, information and fairness. The author has elucidated on each of the dimensions in a meticulous manner to determine how they impact and regulate the level of offshore safety culture.
Commitment reflects the extent to which administrative and other employees of the offshore oil and gas industry hold optimistic approach towards guaranteeing and providing security to fellows. It is concerned mainly with the highest administrative authorities thereby gaining their sincere commitment for executing the offshore safety culture of employees is of utmost importance. The second dimension being conduct, it echoes the outlook of workers and other group associates towards applying, upholding and refining level of health and safety. Optimistic outlook and conduct of the group associates regarding the offshore safety culture will assist in reducing probabilities of risks, hazard, and suspicions in the concerned commercial firms (Burke and Clarks, 2012). It is mandatory nowadays to portray optimistic conduct towards health and safety culture so as to avoid likelihoods of legal trials. Alertness is the third dimension (Jeynes, 2017) and it replicates the level and degree to which workers of oil and gas corporations are mindful of the point that security and health of everyone is the responsibility of all commercial establishments regardless of the level of operations. The author says that upholding high level of attentiveness and investigations concerning safety issues must be top priority are for workers and administrators. The flexibility and information dimension consists of workers and executive’s enthusiasm and diligence in learning and adjusting to new safety managing policies and activities through their flexibility dimension (Stranks, 2010). Information signifies the fifth dimension that focuses on the correct movement and circulation of information to the right persons from the right source. Correct course of information is mandatory to dodge any type of miscommunication and take correct measures at the correct time. The administrative authorities must guarantee that their staff should get information in the correct manner so as to avoid any dangerous circumstances in the earliest (Wien, 2011). Lastly, the fairness dimension is built and connected with the top consultants of the firms. Fairness regulates the success and impact of offshore safety culture and it is apparent as rewards motivate employees to execute safety issues diligently likewise, penalties cultivate a fear midst them assisting them lead the correct path (Collins, 2009).
Offshore Health and Safety Culture
The above illustration places the eight elements of safety culture in a spherical form and they are all connected with and impactful execution of one affects the success possibility of the other to an extensive degree (Speegle, 2012). It can be evaluated from the illustration that all the features of the safety culture are established on calculated workers of offshore oil and gas sector. The business priorities element denotes purposes and aims of tactical consultants of particular commercial firms with respect to security features and health matters. The risks perceptions differ considerably from one commercial industry to other as each of them operate differently so the risk elements are different in nature. Like, in manufacturing industries, the strategic workers are at greater risk than in service industries. The element of perception of safety procedure is an affirmation of the previous element. The visualization and perception of safety procedures is done and then consulted with administrative authorities of the firm before confirming it (Hughes & Ferret, 2015). Further on, we have the competence and leadership element where these finalized safety procedures are executed with complete guidance and competence in the oil and gas sector. Then, the employee communication and employee involvement in safety element must be considered of utmost importance by the frontrunners and consultants (Collins, 2009). Lastly, the final element, the ownership of safety elaborates on the fact that a single member cannot carry out this process alone and that safety culture is owned by all the employees.
There are also advanced investigations made in the offshore health and safety culture by various authors. Like, one has researched the raising of the concept of health and safety culture as environmental surroundings and debated that identifying health and safety culture as environmental surroundings holds intense in present situation of oil and gas sector (Barnett-Schuster, 2008). Furthermore, the theory of offshore health and safety culture has been elucidated by drawing the three constituents concerning oil and gas environment. The three constituents have been recognized as are psychological, situational and behavioral (Hughes and Ferrett, 2013). The psychological constituent of health and safety sector deals with customs, principles, approach, and opinion of association participants. The behavioral constituent stresses on set of performances, interpretations, self-reporting methods, etc. dominant in the commercial firms. The situational constituent deals with the method and tactic of working and functioning of an association. The constructive alignment of all these three constituents will efficiently intellectualize the subject of health and safety culture in the oil and gas sector.
Dimensions of Health and Safety Culture
This idea of offshore safety culture has also been deliberated through models as well and we will further dwell upon two of them-
- Swiss cheese model
- HSE culture theory
Swiss Cheese Model- It is assumed as a mishap casualty model utilized for risk examination and risk controlling purpose in the commercial setting (Whittingham, 2008). This model holds a high degree in all sectors especially the oil and gas sector as it operates on the hypothesis of accidents in gas and oil sector happen because of four types of failure importantly.
The above illustration shows that accidents in oil and gas sector happen in a sequence of events. These events happen at different time and points in the oil and gas sector. It has located the safety system like slices of a Swiss cheese and the holes denote the openings for failure which will end in accidents if not stopped or controlled by the stratums. The slices denote that the more there are stratums of safety system, the smaller are chances of mishaps to take place and if the holes in the stratums align together, mishaps will definitely take place. Hence, oil and gas sector must attempt to stop such holes from aligning by inserting more layers.
HSE Culture Ladder- This is one of the most important models in the notion of offshore safety culture. It acts like a guiding instrument to execute safety culture
The various ladders of the model are applied differently on corporate sectors depending on the nature and type of commercial method. It is as such due to the power and probabilities of dangers that range and are determined by the nature and type of business method to a higher degree. The ladder in the illustration is appropriate and intense in terms of oil and gas sector as the fourth step proactive is practiced in the oil and gas sector. As it is evident by the name, proactive safety cultural practices in the oil and gas sector requires administrators and executive authorities to recognize dangerous events, hostile activities, etc. in the initial level itself. Therefore, it is anticipated that safety consultants and workers at the oil and gas companies must attempt to avert dangers and threats by promoting safety culture and principles amongst personnel.
The developments of security tradition in respect of gas and oil sector are debated under the supervision of supervisory contexts and governing groups (Usman, 2015). It is claimed that monitoring agendas of gas and oil sector has been carried out more inclusive as well as unified in present setting from the governing groups which are legislative senates, business representatives, regulatory authorities, etc. These broad groups of rules as well as supervisory agendas have made a progressive effect on the health and safety ideals. Some light has also been thrown on several quantified supervisory agendas like structure of administration and design principles in case of safety culture. The supervisory agenda need the gas and oil corporations for assign adequate term as well as assets regarding all the initial activities and frequently supervise and evaluate them to prevent any dangers and risks (Cahill and Kane, 2010). A supervisory agenda known as Work at Height Regulations promotes the dominance and application of finest safety amenities from gas and oil sector in case of their workers. The safety and health principles of the agenda needs every worker to guarantee and notify about their capabilities so as to collaborate efficiently with their managers and squaring trusted parts in an operative manner (Holt & Allen, 2015).
Advanced Investigations in Offshore Health and Safety Culture
The trait of gas and oil atmosphere is elaborated further for clarifying the types of dangers, threats as well as mishaps which are dominant in the particular atmosphere. The gas and oil sector is faced with several types of dangers and threats including naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) which consists of radioactive components like radium, uranium, radon, etc. The hazardous impact of NORM is determined by the amount of consumption, period of contact, etc. and its effect also results in cancer amongst the employees (Pitchel, 2010). Another physical danger is cramped space in which the employee has to work in the oil and gas sector that may harm the safety and health of the workers like tunnels, pipelines, boilers, etc. The atmospheres as well as setting of these cramped gaps are really dangerous whose outcome may be death of employees if not correctly trained before entering such spaces (Bonehill, 2011). Other than the existence of dangerous components, the oil and gas sector also has an environment of mishaps and losses. The rigorousness and period of dangers in the oil and gas sector and the recovery period is worse than any other sector where the main types of mishaps are blasts, salt dome mishaps, pipeline transportation misfortunes, etc. (Channing, 2016).
This grasps one more relevant sub-division of the literature review as well as examined and explored with reference of numerous discoveries and inquires. It can be evident that frameworks of safety and health is applied in the gas and oil sector to achieve numerous types of parts regarding making itself a secured and safe functioning point. Few of the parts are elaborated.
Internal and external influences at this point denote the features and variables likely to affect commencement and execution of health and safety culture. Each of the internal and external affects are not damaging in characteristics. The external and internal affects might be observed as well as assumed with reference to negatives and positives because few make constructive impact although few others produce destructive impact. In such situation, the core segment has nurtured distinct study of all of the external and internal affects. It is the quite apparent part of commercial union earlier as well as throughout the operation of safety and health tradition (Harris, 2001).
The graphic illustrates the main internal influences which are administration dedication, manufacturing/facility demands, interactions, worker representatives, and competence.
Administration dedication here specifies ability of high-ranking administrators of gas and oil corporations in giving engaging communication to the staff about safety and health matters. Production/service demands replicate compulsions on oil and gas corporations’ part to create stability between client’s demand and workers activities. Poor communication frequently produces misperceptions and conflicts amongst establishment’s staffs (Yachter & Hood, 2011). Another important internal influence, competence deals in learning and accepting the works of establishment’s staffs and the abilities which need to be upgraded to make them more efficient. Employee representation must be looked after at fixed intermissions by particular establishments’ to make their staff more competent and capable (Dhillon, 2016).
Models of Offshore Safety Culture
Several external influences should be measured from the gas and oil sector for making the safety and health tradition quite adjustable. The chief external influences are society, legislation, insurance companies, trade unions, economics and commercial stakeholders as depicted in the illustration following.
Communal prospects vary considerably from one country to another; they are higher in prosperous states and lower in underprivileged countries. Therefore, high end society’s anticipations have excessive impact on factory safety principles (Calixto, 2016). The other major external influence, Trade unions of oil and gas sector mandate great values for conserving the safety and health of their workers which has forced the establishment’s to stress on the safety and health concerns. The influence of commercial stakeholders on the safety culture is quite heavy as the establishments needs to contemplate their role in executing the health and safety culture because they are apprehensive about both productivity and sustainability feature of business (Cahill and Kane, 2010).
This appears to be the next quite significant part of the oil and gas sector to implement safety and health culture. The establishment of safety and health exercise must make the organization members more aware and understanding towards these issues (Bonehill, 2011). In the present times, it is lawfully mandatory for the oil and gas corporations to organize these training programs through which they reap benefits as well like decline in risk occurrences’, enhancement of the health status of workers, decrease in reimbursements, nonattendance due to health issues, and intense enhancement in the drive and determination of the workers as well as associates.
The training programs notify and empower the fellows to study regulator methods as well as protection actions regarding averting dangers and risks which may occur in the oil and gas sector. The above illustration specifies the requirements and prospects of leading health and safety training programs. It was stated that concerned associations are projected to conduct these programs in certain circumstances and settings. Health and safety programs become mandatory in occasions like new employee hired, modifications in functioning designs, introduction of new tools, adopting fresh technology, alteration in the service status, exposure of work setting, and much more factors.
This segment of connotation has innovated from the point that safety and health tradition concept is future, established and determined mostly by high-ranking authorities of certain establishments (Collins, 2009). It is common conjecture that the high-ranking authorities are worried with the safety and health matters and the staff has generally not as much opportunity to contribute to the process. In this perspective, sound and effective leadership is essential to strive the staff towards safety linked measures and devices.
In the gas and oil sector, it might have a crucial part to play in inspiring as well as stimulating staff for application of security associated techniques. It seems to be quite possible that the staff can take the process for granted and begin to overlook it in their daily functioning patterns but comprehensive and efficient leadership can reduce such probabilities by making their staff more conscious of the importance of health and safety techniques along with making a way for efficient execution of these measures. Therefore, effective leadership has the possibility of refining their workers commitment towards the safety and health measures, guaranteeing the execution of safety and health levels, promote safety and health tradition in a form of enduring practice, develop and recommend health and safety systems (Chandrasekaran, 2016).
The execution of security tradition in the gas and oil sector appears to be a tough activity and there are many challenges to face especially in their setting (Maslen, 2008). The first one being, shortage of sufficient support and obligation on the administrations part, they paid less attention to the significance of execution of safety and health measure amongst workers. Another one is the difficulties of the protection working structure in the gas and oil sector (Allcorn, 2009), where the complications and problems faced by commercial corporations in executing the safety culture discourage other companies from evolving and executing safety methods. Lack of staff’s participation also deters the execution of protection philosophy in the gas and oil sector as there is not as much involvement as is required by them (Quartey and Puplampu, 2012). One big factor is that of assessing the workers performance based on the number of mishaps and damages they indulge in, this acts as a barrier because the techniques adopted by the employees to prevent mishaps are not supervised; only the outcome is given weightage which will eventually demotivate them to execute safety methods as main aim will become rewards and not safety methods.
The part of methodology of the assignment is focused on offering evaluations of protection tradition prevalent within the international gas and oil environment. The gas and oil atmosphere appears to be a really vast subject as well as hence an effort is carried out for substituting conclusions as well as evaluations with reference of few definite gas and oil firms. Although, the research has aimed on the complete industry as well as few companies are chosen by it for determining practices, tradition, and movements of safety culture existing within the gas and oil environment.
The study has explained that the gas and oil are employed from different industries such as engineering, aerospace, chemical, automobile, etc. as well as hence extend the industry extremely. The vast practice of gas and oil items in various industries has too expected amplified care for healthy and safety working atmosphere existing within the related industries. In such matter, the study has studies as well as measured nearly 102 firms identified as chief as well as main performers of gas and oil industry. Few of the noticeable names such as Royal Cutch, Gulf Oil, Petro Canada, Enron, Texaco, Mobil Corp, Chevron, British Petroleum Company, and much more (Oil and Gas Drilling Rig Hazards. 2013).
Following to the evaluating measures of safety and health tradition within Mobil Corp, an effort has been carried out to measure the consequence of Enron oil and gas (EOG) safety tradition. It appears to be one among the greatest gas and oil Exploration firm along with established resources situated in US. The different market study press releases and reports have also been evaluated regarding such purpose. One of these report known to be “Safety problems within the Enron oil and gas” (2012) stressed the information that safety and health alarms might not be overlooked as well as has occurred as important factor within the firm currently. The item’s parts, manufacturing methods, resources, etc. make quite obvious influence on the executive’s safety and health in the business of furniture.
The executives in the related firm seem to be not supported along with educational qualifications and tough professional talents. With reference to this, it appears to be the liability of their managers as well as supervisors for making sure that gas and oil survey method makes least negative effect on health of executives. The chief health dangers existing within the gas and oil survey firm comprise publicity to fire explosion, worst administration of waste, unguarded machinery, worst tackling of tools, noises, and chemical.
Managerial aspects:
Such group is employed for mentioning to each aspect, which non-managerial administration might straight affects. Such comprise organizational procedures, systems, and policies, leadership and management styles, as well as administration dedication for protection.
Supervisory factors
A model which mixes the protection effects of administrators is provided, who experimented a model depending on nearly two dominant trails; (i) by ‘administrative politics’ to ‘director provision in case of ‘safety’ to ‘conditions of safety’; (ii) by ‘manager fairness’ to ‘manager backing in terms of ‘safety’ to ‘compliance of safety’.
As per the statement, the liability of individual of staff associates acted a crucial part within the development of safety administration effects on safety tasks. In such multi-sample evaluation of staff insights in an international production firm, arbitrating aspects comprised individual hazards, interaction and involvement.
Authorization, which consist of the origins of safety environment are within structural climate was introduced. They searched that administrative climate comprise a greater-level effects on safety climate that affected compliance of safety as well as involvement of safety ultimately from the causes of safety motivations as well a safety knowledge.
The aspects recognized from the aspect evaluations (Mosher, 2011) as well as data sets of (Simpson, 2015), and the statistically crucial variables by the demographic issues within the data (Mosher, 2011) helped to be the grounds in case of establishing queries for being employed within a descriptive gathering of survey allocated for as well as solved from a focused example of candidates through the internet medium. It includes many factors, such as:
Factor 1 – Manager Engagement – kindly state in which manner you feel your manager is engaged in nurturing a favorable safety climate within your services.
Factor 2 – Organization Assurance – kindly state in which manner you feel senior management or top most hierarchy within your services is dedicated for developing a favorable climate of safety.
Factor 3 – Manager Communication Dependability – kindly state in what way the dependability of a manager’s interaction affects your point of view regarding climate of safety? i.e. a manager tells the identical from one moment to the other or tells the identical things to various individuals or standard of the company.
Factor 4 – Optimistic Safety Actions – kindly state in which manner optimistic actions of safety implemented from managers or workers have an impact on the entire climate of safety of the firm.
Factor 5 – Manager Reliability – kindly state in which manner the liability of the manager (either from things they state or things they execute) effect the entire climate of safety of the company.
Factor 6 – Manager Personal Constancy – kindly state in what manner the constancy of a manager’s personality (performs within a predictable and consistent way, answers suitably to circumstances) effect the entire climate of safety of the firm.
ANOVA variable 1 – Job Contentment – Do you consider that your individual standard of job contentment has an effect on the climate of safety of the service in which you perform?
ANOVA variable 2 – Fair Pay – Do you consider that your individual sense about justly you are being salaried in case your task has an effect on the climate of safety of the services in which you perform?
The safety tradition as well as organization of Chevron Corporation has too appeared to be studied within an effort for studying health and safety problems of gas and oil environment quite intensely. Chevron Corporation appears to be a famous multinational energy company involves in all form of refining, production, geothermal energy exploration, gas, and oil, etc. International Oil and Gas Workers’ Federation (ITGLWF) performs in nearly 110 nations from the channel of different united firms. The alliance acts regarding several purposes such as in case of helping in policy construction issues as well as tasks for the businesses, safeguarding and securing human authorities, operating vast range of development programs and education within progressing nations in case of creating staff quite organized and educated, and much more (ITGLWF. 2013).
Checking, studying as well as helping within the office of safety and health factors too liable in the form of one among the quite important workplace region of ITGLWF. The current conclusions issued from ITGLWF in case of office of safety and health issues claimed that gas and oil industry requires institution steps in case of enhancing their conditions of working. The global business union movement has too claimed this information as well as specified its conditions of working in these businesses created the staff’s livelihood quite disposed to illness as well as other health threats (ITGLWF. 2013).
It has also been stated that nearly 2 million women and men grieve through different form of accidents and health hazards in such businesses. The facts and figures offered from ITGLWF has displayed that approximately 270 million executives over the globe is grieving by professional mishaps within the gas and oil industry although 160 million employees agonize by professional diseases and illness every annual term.
ITGLWF has drew the requirement of a tough government attempts in case of decreasing examples of occupational diseases and accidents as well as applying great levels of office safety. Hence it can be suggested that the related business might just withstand as well as prevail on the globe’s map from following with office security levels. With reference to this, the association has suggested legislation for implementing different legislation and levels in case of making sure safe and healthy working environment within the gas and oil business. The International Labour Conventions No.155 dependent on workplace safety and healthy steps, and No.161 on Health facilities is few of these regulation supporting safety and health of employees on international working atmosphere (ITGLWF. 2013).
The aforesaid statement has designated that state of safety and health tradition within the gas and oil atmosphere over the globe is not acceptable as well as comprises different performance spaces. The safety and health tradition at gas and oil tradition at gas and oil atmosphere is yet being identified as well as preserved as inferior as well as offered moderately less significant. The international offshore atmosphere too includes few of these gases and oil firms containing favorable as well as striking security atmosphere rather than such stated aforesaid. Hence, it too appears to be relevant for substituting an evaluation of these gases and oil firms for attaining a concept about styles of safety and health tradition existing at these firms (Healthy Workplaces Journey to Excellence: The Complete Guide. 2013). These evaluations too offered an entire evaluation of the international gas and oil functioning atmosphere for the vast degree.
The positive method within the attentions of planned workers of the firm has allowed it for accomplishing each group of responsibilities within an improved way. A combined method is being employed from the Petro-Canada regarding purpose of evaluation of risk as well as avoidance of danger. The method is presented along with the reasons of accomplishing the constitutional responsibilities, fulfilling customer needs, observing as well as obeying with safety and health conservational practices. In each, the method has offered a methodical method in case of making sure safety and health anxieties for the Petro-Canada in current scenario of trade world. The tactic has added in allowing the associations for identifying in the form of an business frontrunner fixed along with “safety and health” standards (Health, Safety & Environment. 2013).
British Petroleum Corporation has also been famous gas and oil firm offers vast assortment of gas and oil refining, production, exploration, etc. facilities for the wholesale and retail customers. The business employs safety and health manager in case of making sure about applying of safety and health policy rules within an operative way. The managers make sure that office offers healthy and safe working situations in case of workers as well as motivates them for producing their lively engagement as well as help in performing under these situations. It is thought that tasks of individual worker effects as well as influence safety standards of other workers for a vast degree and hence it is essential for attaining lively engagement of each of the workers in case of having hygiene and secured atmosphere (Corporate Social Responsibility Action. 2013).
Conclusion
On the foundation of all that is discussed so far, it is concluded that health and safety culture is intensely and efficiently executed in the oil and gas sector, however some are still not following it meticulously. For this, a model is suggested to reduce and regulate the incidences of safety mishaps and dangers. It may be named as ‘incident-free and low-risk contracting model’ to target development of health and safety culture in the oil and gas sector. The application of the model involves active backing and alliance between trade unions, business associations, managers and government organizations. They signify the diverse participants of the model and their participation is essential for guaranteeing the accomplishment of the suggested model. This model will provide tools to improve the status of the current health and safety settings. (Occupational health & safety policy statement. 2012). The purpose is to:
1) Adopting comprehensive management: It is alleged that comprehensive management in the oil and gas sector will guarantee the success of the model. So, it is essential for business frontrunners to lead persons and employees to make them understand that they are guided and steered in a modified way concerning health and safety matters. The outlook of the leaders must be such to conserve the health of the staff at all costs. This approach and conduct will instill confidence in the staff to follow the safety standards (Maslen, 2008).
2) Attaining administration assurance: As every initiative requires backing and assurance of the administration, likewise administration’s assurance towards its employees by allotting and providing for implementation of safety culture will decide the success of the model. Overall, it can be supposed that construction of strategy concerning suggested model, its application set-up and observing and revising may be done efficiently through attaining ample backing and assurance from the administration.
3) Acquiring backing and participation of staff: Staff’s participation is as significant as administration’s participation. The administration will only suggest and approve the application of the model; the staff will in fact execute it. For this purpose, they must be directed and encouraged by the administrators. Consulting with the employees also helps in acquiring the maximum participation of the staff.
4) Decreasing risk occurrences: This is the main purpose of the suggested model which is to be applied. It will make and frame an action strategy for determining primacies and preferences. The action strategy will identify and summarize the health and safety issues aimed at and controlled by in the near future. It will also state a strong set of principles and activities for applying the strategy.
5) Decline of mishaps purpose: The quantity of mishaps in the oil and gas sector is fairly greater than those of other sectors. In this respect, a device keeping a persistent watch and observing on the occurrences of mishaps is deliberated as requirement of current time. The fundamental model will target at providing such device to the oil and gas sector through introducing a reliable mishap reporting structure
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