Effects Of Life Expectancy And Human Development Index On Countries

Linear relationship between LEI and LE

Number 1

LEI(Australia before increase) =  = 0.97077

LEI(Australia after increase) =  =1.0246

LEI(United States before increase) =  = 0.91538

LEI(United States after increase) =  = 0.96154

LEI(China before increase) =  = 0.86769

LEI(China after increase) =  = 0.9215

If the life expectancy for United States, China, and Australia is increased by approximately 3.5 years, LEI will increase by approximately 0.05 years. LEI and LE have a linear relationship and therefore they are directly related to one another. The LEI is a linear function since it is of the form: Y=  – where a and b are constants.

Number 2

EI(Australia before increase) =  = 1.066

EI(Australia after increase) =  =1.18278

EI(China before increase)=  = 0.64333

EI(China after increase) =  = 0.76

EI(India before increase) =  = 0.555

EI(India after increase) =  = 0.6716

If the MYS for Australia, China, and India is increased by approximately 3.5 years, EI will increase by approximately 0.12 years. EI, MYS, and EYS have a linear relationship and therefore they are directly related to one another. The LEI is a linear function since it is of the form: Y+ where a and b are constants.

Number 3

II(China after increment) =  =  = 0.77972

Thus HDI (China after GNI increment) =  =0.75783

II(Australia after r increment) =  =  = 0.9245

Thus HDI (Australia after GNI increment) =  =0.98536

II(India after increment) =  =  = 0.9795

But

LEI (India) =  = 0.75077

Thus HDI (India after GNI increment) =  =0.74177

The HDI values for Australia, china, and India before GNI increment were 0.939,0.752, and 0.640. However after GNI increment of 1950, the HDI values for Australia, china, and India increased to 0.98536, 0.75783, and 0.74177.  Therefore, increase in then marginal income increases the HDI value of a country.

Number 4

EI(Japan) =  = 0.84889

II(Japan) =  = = 0.90117

HDI (Japan) =  =

0.909 =  

LEI(Japan)  = 0.9818

Number 5

HDI (Japan) =

LEI(China) =  = 0.86769

EI(China)=  = 0.64333

0.752=  

II =  = 0.76182

But

II(China) =  

 = 0.76182

 = 15,498

Number 6

HDI is the average value of a country’s health, education, and GDP status. HDI does not account for the unequal distribution of resources in a country. HDI measure does not take into consideration human development and does differentiate between income than can buy and that cannot buy (Alkire, S. & Foster, J. 2010, 5). In conclusion, HDI aggregates a country income but it does not factor in the distribution of resources.

Criticism of HDI and resolutions

Number 7

HDI is a better measure of sustainable development than GDP. GDP gives an overall economic development of a country but HDI shows wellbeing of an individual in a country (Lashmar, H.2018, 1). The fact that HDI factors life expectancy, income, and education index in a county makes it a better measure of sustainable development than GDP.

Number 8

Following Amartya Sen criticism towards the HDI index, IHDI (Inequality-adjusted Human development index) was developed to cater to the inequality of distribution. In cases where equality exists, IHDI is equal to HDI. however, if HDI and IHDI values are not equal and differ by more than 12%, then adjustment for inequalities are made. Calculating income as a logarithmic function illustrates a diminishing marginal utility and assists in conveying income as a metric of human development.

Section B: Food Production

Number 1

The last two digit of my student number is 99. Therefore my designated country is Papua New Guinea and the estimated population in the year 2017 (q) is 8,251.

Number 2

 =  when t=0

Annual increase ratio = r

Population in year t , P =  

Where:  =  when t=0

 =  = 8251

Population in year t , P = 8251

Number 3

Initial food supply = b tones per year

Annual increase rate = m tones

 =  =  = =16502

Food supply in year t= 16502 + m*t 

Where :

t is number of years

Number 4

Population growth rate, r =1.07

Time , t	Population value in time t
0	0.8251 = 8251
10	0.8251 = 16230.97
20	= 31928.77
30	0.8251 = 62808.71
40	= 123554.25
50	0.8251 = 243049.91

Number 5

To express food shortage, the following equation must hold ;

Substituting the value of q=8251

8251- 0.8251t =16502

t=2.14 years

2017+2.14 = 2019

Number 6

Population food demand in year t >10*( food demand at t=0)

 + t >10*

Number 7

 >10*  

8251 = 165020

t=151.27954

Number 8

Practically, food supplies will always run out if the population geometrically increaser>1 while the food supply increases linearly. In the short-run, a linear increase in food supplies may exceed the geometric increase in population but in the long run, the geometric increase in population will exceed the food supplies. Levels of consumption are dependent on lifestyle, social organization, and income of a person. The population rate is decreasing in most first world countries. However, the population growth rate in undeveloped counties is alarming. World population is increasing annually at a steady rate. Advancement in the application of technology in agricultural farming and production of genetically modified foods has increased food supplies by far, however,  food supplies in near future will not sustain the increasing world population if people continue in settling on productive lands (Byrnes & Bumb, 2018,22; Pereira, C. 2018,188; HC, 2018,3; & Fao.org, 2018,1).

Food production equation for population of PNG

Section C: Demographic Transition Model

Number 1

(B(t))=  = -0.4682

(D(t)) =  = -0.13472

Number 2

The CBR and CDR rates in part (1) above are not correctly the same as in 1994. The numbers at 1994 could be different from the estimated CBR and CDR rates from 1985 to 2010.

Number 3

N(t) =  + B(t) – D(t)

First derivative with respect to time, t

(N(t)) = ( + B(t) – D(t))

N’(t) = B’(t) – D’(t)

The derivative “N’(t) = B’(t) – D’(t)” show the population growth rate at any time (t).

Number 4

Crude birth rate and death rate for India

(B(t))=  = -0.4682

(D(t)) =  = -0.13472

Crude birth rate for South Korea

N’(t) = B’(t) – D’(t)”

(B(t))=  = -0.272

(D(t)) =  =  -0.036

(N(t)) = (B(t))-(D(t))

(N(t)) for India = -0.4682-(-0.13472) = -0.33348

(N(t)) for south Korea = -0.272-(-0.036) = -0.236

The (N(t)) values for both counties (south Korea and India) are less than zero thus a notable population decrease from 1985 to 2010.  Indian population has decreased at a rate of 0.33348. Similarly, South Korea has experienced a notable population decrease by a rate of 0.236. The rate of population decrease is higher in India than in South Korea. Such decrease in population could be as a result of improved health care and family planning. Improved health care decreases the mortality rate and consequently the birth rate also declines.

Number 5

The (N(t)) is expected to be large during stage 2 of demographic transition. At stage 2 of demographics transition, crude death rates for infants decreases drastically as a result of improved healthcare and availability of medical services to the population. In contrast, the birth rates go up as infant deaths decrease. In stage the of demographic transition, both death rates and birth rates are low and relatively equal thus low population growth. In stage 1 of demographic transition, birth rates and deaths rates are very high due to inadequate medical services and low education standards.

References

Alkire, S. &Foster, J.,2010. Designing the Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Byrnes, B. & Bumb, B., 2018. Population Growth, Food Production, and Nutrient Requirements. [online] Tandfonline.com. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J144v01n02_01 [Accessed 12 Nov. 2018],pp.1-27.

Fao.org 2018. Population growth and the food crisis. [online] Available at: https://www.fao.org/docrep/U3550t/u3550t02.htm [Accessed 12 Nov. 2018].

HC, P., 2018. Food production and population growth. – PubMed – NCBI. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12319217 [Accessed 12 Nov. 2018].

Lashmar,H., 2018. The Human Development Index – a better indicator of success? – Sustainable Goals. [online] Sustainable Goals. Available at: https://www.sustainablegoals.org.uk/human-development-index-better-indicator-success/ [Accessed 12 Nov. 2018].

Pereira, C., 2018. Food production and population growth. [online] https://www.elsevier.com/en-xm. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(93)90013-Z [Accessed 12 Nov. 2018],pp.187-190.