Corporate Accountability And Ethical Issues: A Case Study Of S P Setia Berhad

Corporate Performance of S P Setia Berhad Group

Question:

Describe about the importance of maintaining an effective work environment at the workplace.
 

The  world  is  witnessing  the  importance  of  the  companies  to  become  more  socially  accountable  and  responsible  in  every  way. Corporate  accountability  implies  that  behavior  regarding  corporate  governance  and  corporate  social  responsibility  is  influenced  by  the  social  factors (Zyglidopoulos et al. 2016) .  the  analysis  regarding  the  corporate  performance  of  the  company  has  been  done  in  context  of  strategies  of  employees  and  working  condition,  corporate  governance  and  ethics. As  the  environment  in  which  a  business  operates  is  rapidly  changing ,companies  needs  to  have  right  strategies  in  place  so  as  to  deal  with  its  various  corporate  governance  issues (Aguinis  and Glavas 2012). The  ethical  issues  is  presented  with  reference  to a  company  named   S P  Setia  Berhad  group.  The  ethical  choices  are  relevant  to  the  business  strategies  which  are  core   and  hence  they  call  the  need  to  be  in  line  with  the  ethical  principles.  The  report  formed  would  be  presented  within  the  context  of  several  ethical  issues  and  the  company  is  subjected  to  corporate  governance  requirement. The  key  ethical  issues needed  to  be  taken  into  account.  The  corporate  governance  requirement  needs  to be  proactive  and  a  good  governance  needs  to  be  practiced. The  ethical  issues  prevailing  in  the  global  industry  needs  attention  so  that  the  organizational  culture  is  maintained.  The  external  and  internal  communication  system  needs  to  be  in  place. The  policies  and  practices  for  handling  the  corporate  issues  concerning  the  working  relationships,  accounting, strategy  of  enterprise  needs  to  be  in  place.

S P  Setia Berhad  is  one  of  the  leading  marketer  in  the  property  development. The  company  emerged  as  a  construction  company  and  it  was  incorporated  in  1974 (“Malaysia’s Leading Property Developer – S P Setia Bhd Group”, 2016).  The  infrastructure  and  business  company  was  founded  by  Tan  Shri  liew  kee.  It  was  listed  on  the   Kuala  Lumpur  stock  exchange  in  1993. It  has  expanded  its  business  in  the  commercial  and  investment  grade  properties. The  company  strives  to  provide  quality  and  innovative  products  not  only  in  Malaysia  but  throughout  the  international  communities. The  company  has  a  turnover  of   US $ 10 million     and  employs  more  than  5000  people (“Malaysia’s Leading Property Developer – S P Setia Bhd Group”, 2016).  The  company  undertakes  projects  in  public  building  and  public  housing  and  several  infrastructure  projects. The  group  also  has  a  diverse  range  of   associated  businesses  which  are  complementary  to  it.

Main issue:

Issues  concerning  accounting  professionals  relating  to  the  work  relationships  and  the  incompetency  of   the  accounting  professionals .

Sub issues:

• Some of  the  ethical  issues  concerning  global  corporate  is  the  business  climate  in  which  the  company  operates  and  when  it  is  not  in  compliance  with  the  global  regulations .
• Corporate social  performance  involves  issues  of  transparency  regarding  the  disclosure  of  appropriate  programs,  issues  relating  to  audit  and  fund  

• Other issue  is  ethics  of  creative  accounting  where  the  accounting  professionals  uses  less  scrupulous  elements  in  practice  which  might  deviate  actual  results  relevant  to  accounting 

1.3.1 Overview

In the article ‘The impact of a corporate culture of sustainability on corporate behavior and performance’ published by Eccles, Ioannou and Serafeim (2012), it has been observed that corporate culture is highly influential to develop the behavior and personality of business employees. As per the point of view of authors of this article, every business organization has to maintain some of the necessary ethical issues, values, beliefs at the workplace. Based on those values, the organization tends to reach the business goal. Alvesson and Sveningsson (2015) stated that Some of the necessary ethics and values that an organization should follow include maintaining code of conduct, following regulations and act at the workplace, implementing diversity management at the workplace, making effective communication and so many.

Ethical Issues and Corporate Governance Requirements

The stakeholders have to face both the positive and negative outcome due to the corporate culture. As per the point of view of this article, employers of an organization like to impose their own decision on the employees in the name of organizational culture. Billig and Waterman (2014) opined that employees sometimes get deprived of getting necessary benefits and facilities from the business managers due to the strict organizational culture. On the other hand, business managers are able to maintain a disciplined environment inside the organization by maintaining an effective organizational culture and behavior.

1.3.2 The concept of corporate accountability

As per the general ethics, culture and beliefs the primary objective of an organization is not only to achieve the financial goal (Awadh and Alyahya 2013). Organizations have to be involved in many non-financial activities such as corporate social responsibility, environmental performance, sustainability and so many. Corporate social responsibility is one of the major activities done by most of the business organizations in order to build their image. Büschgens, Bausch and Balkin (2013) stated that various business organizations with the CSR activity draws the attention of the customers. After getting an effective benefit and facility from the organization, the customers tend to show their intention to use the service of this organization. CSR activity is one of the major tools of corporate accountability (Chen, Ng and Li 2012). Various business organizations intend to maintain internal social responsibility to motivate the employees’ performance. Organizational culture and ethics is highly dependent on the management and leadership style inside the organization. The implementation of social responsibility within the organization helps to enhance the professional relationship with each other (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House 2013). Currently, it has been observed that some business organizations like S P  Setia Berhad  are suffering from a work relation issue. Employees of accounting department are unable to make an effective communication with each other. As a result, it affects the entire rhythm of business process.

1.3.3 Factors that affect working relation at the workplace of S P  Setia Berhad 

Several factors highly affect the working relation among the employees of S P  Setia Berhad . These factors are as follows:

Cultural factor:

People come from various culture and background within an organization. Therefore, their way of communication, their approach, behavior and gesture vary man to man. While making any collective decision people have to face numerous communication barriers (Erkutlu 2012). The internal relation among the employees becomes disorganized.

Role of leadership:

Leaders of an organization play a major role to keep a constant control over the entire process of business. Leader should know how to deal with the employees and how to get best services from them to reach the business goal (Goetsch and Davis 2014). If the leaders fail to maintain a strong communication with the employees, they would never be able to keep an effective working relation at the workplace.

Psychological conflict:

Cultural and linguistic barriers are the major aspects to create a distance among the employees for maintaining effective working relation inside the organization. In order to make a collective decision, people have to face immense psychological barrier.

The Impact of Corporate Culture on Business Employees

Organizational culture and behavior:

Organizational culture and behavior highly affects in maintaining effective working relation within the company. If the managers intend to maintain an effective communication with the employees, they get a motivation to follow the organizational culture and ethics. Hu et al. (2012) stated that the management plays a key role to demolish the working relation among the employees.

1.3.4 The impact of maintaining work relationship with in S P  Setia Berhad 

Collective decision-making:

An effective work relation among the employees helps to take a collective decision regarding a business goal (Jones and George 2015). After providing a collective decision, employees get motivated to provide their best effort towards business services. Especially, in case of financial decision-making, collective decision is highly important to render the success of a business process.

Exchange of information:

If the internal relation in between the employee goes well, they like to exchange important information regarding the financial growth. Exchange of information helps to maintain effective communication with each other. Customers have been highly benefited and facilitated with performance of the employees. Organization on the other hand gets a clear and organized financial calculation from the financial department (Khan and Rashid 2012).

Maintaining chronological records about data and information:

If the communication among the employees becomes effective and they are comfortable enough to exchange necessary information with each other, the organization becomes successful to reach the business goal (Mohanty and Rath 2012). By maintaining a good relationship with each other, employees of S P  Setia Berhad  can easily maintain a systematic data base process. It helps the managers of an organization as well to track the record properly.  

1.3.5 Conceptual framework

Figure 1: Figure 1: Conceptual framework

1.3.6 Summary:

In the previous literature review, the researcher has only focused on the impact of organizational culture and behavior. While discussing the positive and negative impacts of organizational culture, the researcher has pointed out how working relation intends to keep up the discipline and culture of an organization. However, in the previous literature review, the researcher has not mentioned properly about the impact of maintaining working relation at the workplace. Nahavandi et al. (2013) opined that different factors affecting working relation among the employees within the organization has also not been mentioned in this specific study.

1.4 Suggested recommendation:

As per the current literature review, it has been observed that some of the major factors highly affect the internal working relation among the employees inside a particular organization (Nica 2013). In order to overcome such kind of situation the organization like S P Setia Berhad group can be provided some necessary recommendations to overcome the situation. The recommendations are as follows:

• Diversity management should be strongly implemented within the team especially in the accounting department. As a result, the employees would be able to learn how to maintain unity among the diversity.
• People of various culture and religion inside the organization should be treated with equal respect and dignity.
• Employees who have ineffective communication skill should get an effective training and guidance on behalf of the organization
• The leaders of accounting department should deal with the employees in such a way that they do not have to hesitate to share any kind of problem with the leaders.
• The company  needs  to  choose  the  accounting  policy  that  depicts  the  image  preferred  by  the  The accounting policy that would be chosen has to be appreciated by others as well. Individual decision should not be entertained in this regard.
• Creative accountants choose a value to be of optimistic view. Creative accountants should exchange the necessary information to others. With the help of information exchange employees get the opportunities to maintain a regular communication with each other regarding any kind of business deal.

Research methodology is a very important area that helps the researcher to evaluate the best possible research outline for the analysis of the problem (Büschgens, Bausch and Balkin 2013). As mentioned earlier, S P Setia Berhad is facing challenges regarding the working relationship of the accounting professional of the company. Therefore, research methodology will have to consider philosophical paradigm, design and approach as well as other parameters associated with the data collection. The methodology also helps to analyze the key factors that are affecting the issue of the company. In this research, the researcher has selected 90 executive accounting personnel and 25 manager level personnel for the collection of the data. The researcher has also introduced some techniques and tools for making the research easier. The researcher has also implemented quantitative data analysis techniques for the study. The researcher prepared quantitative questionnaire for the 90 executive levels of accounting employees. On the other hand, the researcher has utilized the same set of questionnaire for the 25 manager level of employees. The researcher has utilized quantitative questionnaire for the managers of S P Setia Behard.

Factors Leading to Work Relationship Issues among Employees in S P Setia Berhad

According to Eccles, Ioannou and Serafeim (2012) research will have to perform a series of steps in order to conclude about a particular topic. Therefore, the researcher has selected a research onion so that research can able to cover all the necessary steps. The prime objective of the research is to collect data for the calculation and analysis purpose (Tuohy et al. 2013). The selection and customization of each step determine the quality and authenticity of the research study.

As per the article by Pinder (2014) research philosophy describes several typology of researchers views as well as mode that helps the researcher to perform different types of research work. There are several research philosophies namely Positivism, Interpretivism, Realism, Naturalism and Pragmatism (Imran et al. 2014). In this study, the researcher selected positivism philosophy. Since, it allows the research to test hypothesis of the identified issue and also allows to perform several experiments so that the outcome of the study can able to highlight the actual result. The researcher also has implemented   post-positivism research philosophy in order to analyze the issue of the company in a better way. The researcher has selected Post-positivism philosophy as it can help the study with statistical intervention. In addition, post-positivism philosophy will also allow the researcher to capture hidden information related to the identified problem of the topic. Capturing of hidden information will allow the study to provide a much more detail analysis to the identified problem. Furthermore, as the time limit of the study is short, post-positivism can provide much more effective as compared to any other philosophy. The researcher has not considered interpretivism philosophy for the study as it minimizes the scope of the research work.

Figure 2: Research philosophy

2.3 Research approach:

The researcher has selected deductive approach for the analysis of the identified problem. The researcher has selected deductive approach as it helps to gather in-depth information related to the identified problem of the study. For instance, deductive approach is extremely effective in increasing the factor of the study. Hence, it will help the study to cover all the factors related to the identified problem. This approach also helps the researcher to increase the knowledge about the particular study. Traditionally, there are two approaches inductive and deductive that has been utilized by several studies (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). In this study, the researcher has decided to select deductive approach, as it will help to evaluate the working relationship of the employees in an effective way. It also helps the researcher to utilize different theories and concept for elaborating greatly about the topic of the study. For this particular study, the researcher has refuses to utilize inductive approach, as he does not want to introduce any new concept into the research study.

Figure 3: Research approach

Another important aspect of research approach is the research design allows the researcher to enhance the information of the research framework (Robbins et al. 2013). Research design also helps the researcher to select appropriate technical tools and proper data for developing knowledge about the study. There is generally three-research design explanatory, exploratory and descriptive research design that is used in several studies (Wiewiora et al. 2013). Explanatory design helps the researcher in elaborating different types of factor. On the other hand, exploratory design helps to evaluate relevant data of the study. Descriptive design will help the researcher in gaining knowledge regarding the topic of the study.

For this particular study, the researcher selected descriptive research design, as it engages in elaborating the approaches, application and theories on the word of mouth and its impact on the ethical awareness on the organizational. This help to increase the information about the topic of the study. The researcher also has selected descriptive design, as it helps to provide effective analysis of the relevant data. This research design also helps to measures all the prime factors regarding the identified issue of the organization.

2.4 Sources and collection of data:

Data collection process implemented in the methodology as helps the researcher to increase the practical knowledge about the particular study (Goffee and Scase 2015). In this research study, the researcher has only considered primary data collection method, as the study of the research topic is an internal issue of the company. Therefore, secondary data will not able to display the actual situation that S P Setia Berhad. The researcher has collected the primary data from the different level of employees so that the study can able to depict the actual result. As mentioned earlier, the researcher has implemented quantitative data collection procedure so that the study can able to have an in-depth analysis of the study (Jacobs et al. 2013). The researcher has utilized quantitative questionnaire for the managers so that it can able to have an in-depth study of the managerial perspective regarding to this problem. On the other, the researcher has also utilized the same quantitative questionnaire so that the study can able to identify a trend regarding the topic of the study.

 

Figure 4: Data collection technique

2.5 Sampling technique:

The researcher has implemented sampling technique for the purpose of effective data collection method. There are two types of sampling method used in the research namely probability sampling and non-probability sampling (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). Probability sampling reflects the sampling technique where the researcher select sample randomly. On the other hand, non-probability sampling reflects where researcher consciously selects the sample size from a specific group of individuals. For this particular study, the researcher has selected non-probability sampling method. Since, the study investing an internal problem of S P Setia Berhard, non-probability sampling will allow the research to understand different perspective of the identified problem.   

Figure 5: Sampling technique

2.6 Data collection tools:

A researcher can utilize several tools for the completion of the study. Specifically, technical evaluation has made data collection process very effective (Fullan 2014). In this study, the researcher has selected face-to-face conversation process for collecting data from the 90 executive levels of employees. The researcher selected face-to-face conversation process so that the employees can able to share their opinion much more effectively. On the other hand, the researcher has selected online platform for the purpose of collecting information from the 25 managers. The researcher has selected online platform, as managers busy work schedule does not allow the researcher to have a face-to-face interaction.

2.7 Ethical consideration:

Every research has to maintain a specific code of conduct so that the study can able to finish with affecting anyone else (Mackey and Gass 2015). Hence, the researcher does not share the information related to the study to any other authority. The researcher also does not forces anyone for giving the relevant information or tried to influence the feedback of the respondents. Since, it can have serious impact on the overall objective of the research study.  

The analysis is primarily based on the responses of the respondent that have chosen by the researcher. In this study, the researcher has selected 90 executive levels of employees from the accounting department and 25 managers to collect quantitative data related to the identified problem. The researcher has focused on the four quantitative questions to conclude about the identified research problem. The researcher focuses on to different perspective of the identified problems so that the study can able to depict the exact impact that the identified problem can made on the organizational process of S P Setia Berhard. The outcome of the captured data from the 90 accounting employees and 25 managers are described as follows:

3.1 Analysis 1:

How far do you believe that maintaining working relation at the workplace affects the performance of the employees?
 

Figure 6: Working relation at the workplace affects the performance of the employees (90 employees opinion)

Figure 7: Working relation at the workplace affects the performance of the employees (25 managers Opinion)

At the time of collecting quantitative data, the researcher has asked both the accounting employees and managers regarding the kind of impact that working relation can able to have on the performance level of the employees. For the collection of quantitative data, the researcher has provided five options from which the respondent can able to select only one.

From the above collected data, it can be state that both manager and employees expressed that working relation do have huge amount of impact on the performance level of the employees. Since, 39% of employees and 40% of managers have agreed that employee performance can be improved by enhancing the working relationship within the work culture. Specifically, as accounting people have to deal with lot of confidential financial information of the company, it is very important that all employees in the accounting group in the same page. Otherwise, the organization cannot able fulfill its organizational objective. For this, employees will have to perform effective communication among them, which is not possible without the help of high working relationship.

3.2 Analysis 2:

Do you think that leadership plays a major role to control the working relation within the organization?

Figure 8: leadership plays a major role to control the working relation within the organization (both employees and managers opinion)

In the second research question, the researcher has asked whether leadership of S P Setia Berhad has impact on the working relationship of the accounting employees or not. The researcher considers the perspective of leadership, as the concept of leadership factor is extremely huge. Therefore, more often than not, it does create huge amount of impact on the internal organizational processes. In this question, the researcher has provided three options for the respondents so that it can able to identify a trend that can help the study to conclude.

As the above figure highlighted, both managers and employees do agree with the fact that leadership do have huge amount of impact on the working relationship of the accounting employees. Since, accounting professionals will have to deal with several confidential issue of the company, management of the company will have to shown enough amount of trust so that all the employees can able to work freely.

3.3 Analysis 3:

How often do you think employees in the accounting department face major challenges to maintain working relationship?

Figure 9: Employees in the accounting department face major challenges to maintain working relationship (90 employees opinion)

Figure 10: Employees in the accounting department face major challenges to maintain working relationship (25 managers opinion)

In the third question, the researcher focused on the accounting department in order to collect more specific data that is related to the identified problem of the study. In this question, the researcher tries to analyze whether accounting department of S P Setia Berhad is facing more challenges regarding to the working relationship as compared to any other department of the company. The researcher asked so that the study can able to a clear idea about the identified problem.

From the above analysis, it can be state that the average responses of managers and employees are contradictory. Since, most of the employees responded that accounting employees do have to face more issues relating to the working relationship. On the other hand, managers of the organization does not agree with this response, as 40% of them commented that very rarely the accounting professional will have to face additional problem which can have adverse impact on the working relationship. Hence, from this question the researcher has identified that the differences in perspectives of the employees and managers do have huge impact on the present issue facing by S P Setia Berhad. .

It has been observed from the data collection and findings that a large number of employees have showed their positive response regarding maintaining the working relation environment. As per their point of view, employees have to spend a huge span of time in their workplace (Uzkurt et al. 2013). Therefore, their responsibility is to maintain a strong working relationship within the organization. Pinder (2014) opined that especially, financial department of an organization like S P Setia Berhad group has to be specifically concerned about the fact. This particular department plays a key role for rendering the success of an organization. Calculating profit and loss is undoubtedly a delicate work. In this situation, people have to maintain a strong concentration while working in this department. As a result, maintaining the work environment inside the organization is the primary role of employees.

After this evaluation, it has been observed that the researcher has not concentrated on some of the major factors to keep a work environment healthy and peaceful. Therefore, it can be recommended that the researcher should highlight the role of management as well to keep up the discipline inside the organization (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). The human resource management can arrange an effective training process based on which the employees would be able to understand about the importance of maintaining working environment inside the organization. Apart from that, the managers should also make a personal interaction with every individual employee to know their personal problem facing at the workplace (Shahzad et al. 2012). Management should certainly entertain diversity management within the organization. As a result, people of different culture would not have to face difficulties to express any personal opinion regarding the business goal amidst any general meeting. In addition, it can be recommended that organization should follow corporate social responsibility inside the organization as well in order to enhance the relationship between employers and the employees.  Therefore, it is can be expected that after following these recommendations, the business organization like S P Setia Berhad group would be able to maintain working relation at the workplace. 

5. Conclusion and limitation:

This particular study has provided an in-depth understanding about the importance of maintaining an effective work environment at the workplace. As per the requirement of this study, it has been observed that S P Setia Berhad group had been suffering from the working relation problem within the accounting department. Therefore, this particular organization has to face immense difficulties in order to maintain their business process successfully (Shao, Feng and Liu 2012).

For that purpose, an effective research has been conducted in order to solve the issue raised in this company. The researcher has used various research methodologies in order to collect necessary data and information for concluding the research successfully. In spite of executing the research issue with efficiency, this project is not devoid of some of its major limitations as well. The researcher while collecting data has not used qualitative data collection procedure (Shin 2012). With the help of qualitative data collection technique, the researcher could be able to collect an immediate feedback from the participants.

6. Professionalism and reflection:

After observing the entire process of research I have come into a sound conclusion that organizational culture and behavior helps to build the image as well as identity of a corporation. Providing an effective service is one of the most important parts to fulfill the needs and demands of the customers. Maintaining an effective services is possible only when the organization would be able to keep up a good working relationship among the employees. Therefore, the managers and the leaders of a particular organization have to take the main responsibility to maintain a suitable and peaceful work environment. After conducting the literature review, I have come to know that leaders have to follow participative leadership style at the workplace. With the help participative leadership style employees get opportunities to share their problems at the workplace. As a result, the communication among the employees and the leaders becomes stronger. Employees willingly tend to provide good service to the customers. I have also noticed that the employees of S P Setia Berhad group have showed immense co-operation by providing necessary data and information about this company. As a result, the research has been executed successfully.  

References:

Aguinis, H. and Glavas, A., 2012. What we know and don’t know about corporate social responsibility a review and research agenda. Journal of management, 38(4), pp.932-968.

Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015. Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge.

Awadh, A.M. and Alyahya, M.S., 2013. Impact of Organizational Culture on Employee Performance. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(1), p.168.

Billig, S.H. and Waterman, A.S. eds., 2014. Studying service-learning: Innovations in education research methodology. Routledge.

Büschgens, T., Bausch, A. and Balkin, D.B., 2013. Organizational Culture and Innovation: A Metaâ€ÂAnalytic Review. Journal of product innovation management, 30(4), pp.763-781.

Büschgens, T., Bausch, A. and Balkin, D.B., 2013. Organizational Culture and Innovation: A Metaâ€ÂAnalytic Review. Journal of product innovation management, 30(4), pp.763-781.

Chen, I., Ng, H.F. and Li, H.H., 2012. A multilevel model of patient safety culture: crossâ€Âlevel relationship between organizational culture and patient safety behavior in Taiwan’s hospitals. The International journal of health planning and management, 27(1), pp.e65-e82.

Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013. Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge.

Eccles, R.G., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2012. The impact of a corporate culture of sustainability on corporate behavior and performance (No. W17950). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Eccles, R.G., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2012. The impact of a corporate culture of sustainability on corporate behavior and performance (No. W17950). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Erkutlu, H., 2012. The impact of organizational culture on the relationship between shared leadership and team proactivity. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 18(1/2), pp.102-119.

Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner’s guide to doing a research project. Sage.

Fullan, M., 2014. Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley & Sons.

Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson.

Goffee, R. and Scase, R., 2015. Corporate Realities (Routledge Revivals): The Dynamics of Large and Small Organisations. Routledge.

Hu, Q., Dinev, T., Hart, P. and Cooke, D., 2012. Managing employee compliance with information security policies: the critical role of top management and organizational culture*. Decision Sciences, 43(4), pp.615-660.

Imran, H., Arif, I., Cheema, S. and Azeem, M., 2014. Relationship between job satisfaction, job performance, attitude towards work, and organizational commitment. Entrepreneurship and innovation management journal, 2(2), pp.135-144.

Jacobs, R., Mannion, R., Davies, H.T., Harrison, S., Konteh, F. and Walshe, K., 2013. The relationship between organizational culture and performance in acute hospitals. Social science & medicine, 76, pp.115-125.

Jones, G. and George, J., 2015. Contemporary management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Khan, S.K. and Rashid, M.Z.A., 2012. The Mediating Effect of Organizational Commitment in the Organizational Culture, Leadership and Organizational Justice Relationship with Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Study of Academicians in Private Higher Learning Institutions in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(8).

Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge.

Malaysia’s Leading Property Developer – S P Setia Bhd Group. (2016). Spsetia.com.my. Retrieved 11 June 2016, from https://www.spsetia.com.my/corporate/

Mohanty, J. and Rath, B.P., 2012. Influence of organizational culture on organizational citizenship behavior: A three-sector study. Global Journal of business research, 6(1), pp.65-76.

Nahavandi, A., Denhardt, R.B., Denhardt, J.V. and Aristigueta, M.P., 2013. Organizational behavior. SAGE Publications.

Neuman, W.L. and Robson, K., 2012. Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches.

Nica, E., 2013. Organizational culture in the public sector. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 8(2), p.179.

Panneerselvam, R., 2014. Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd..

Pickard, A., 2012. Research methods in information. Facet publishing.

Pinder, C.C., 2014. Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press.

Pinder, C.C., 2014. Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press.

Pretorius, D.L.P., Goede, R. and Terblanche, J.T., 2016, January. ACTION RESEARCH OR DESIGN SCIENCE RESEARCH AS METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HISTORICAL DIGITAL GRAPHICAL NOVEL? A CRITICAL SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the ISSS-2015 Berlin, Germany (Vol. 1, No. 1).

Robbins, S., Judge, T.A., Millett, B. and Boyle, M., 2013. Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU.

Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M.G. and Macey, W.H., 2013. Organizational climate and culture. Annual review of psychology, 64, pp.361-388.

Shafritz, J., Ott, J. and Jang, Y., 2015. Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning.

Shahzad, F., Luqman, R.A., Khan, A.R. and Shabbir, L., 2012. Impact of organizational culture on organizational performance: an overview. Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 3(9), p.975.

Shao, Z., Feng, Y. and Liu, L., 2012. The mediating effect of organizational culture and knowledge sharing on transformational leadership and Enterprise Resource Planning systems success: An empirical study in China. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), pp.2400-2413.uditing.