A Review On Research Ethics: Ethical Issues In Qualitative And Quantitative Research
Ethical issues in qualitative research
1. From the article ‘Ethical issues relating to qualitative research” it was revealed that qualitative or naturalistic research shifted from the side-lines within the mainstream of health research. Moreover, Jelsma & Clow, (2005) revealed that qualitative research has certain ethical issues associated with them those are unique to the intensive hands on paradigm that explains naturalistic research. In addition, the article also revealed that there are four major ethical principles such as benevolence, autonomy, non-maleficence and justice those can be employed as framework in order to explore certain ethical concerns associated with the research on business sustainability. Jelsma & Clow, (2005) also added that it is necessary to attain an informed consent before any participant is selected for any research. It has also been gathered from the article that the difficulty associated with offering informed consent to a process that can make changing demands on the participant serves as a function of emerging research designs. From analysing the article I have gathered that research ethics is a set of principles that facilitates in governing the manner in which any research that is associated with interaction between the researcher and survey respondents. I have also collected an opinion from the article that research ethics also ensures that data gathered from such interaction is properly managed.
The article also indicated that it is the responsibility of the reasechers to make sure that the participants are referred to suitable services whenever the need takes place. Moreover from analysing the article I can also present a view that the core qualitative research is the association among the participants and the researchers where there might be certain ethical pitfalls. Moreover, I have collected a view that in case of quantitative research, the participants have a vital role in analysis and interpretation of research findings by means of member checking and debriefing. Jelsma & Clow, (2005) indicated in their article that in participatory action research, the gathered findings are presented to the participants and the difficulty associated with offering informed consent to a process that can make changing demands on the participant serves as a function of emerging research designs.
2. From the article ‘Ethical considerations and their applications to research: a case of the University of Nairobi” it has been gathered that the purpose of incorporating research ethics can serve as a group of applied ethics that has well established guidelines and rules which explains their conduct. The article also revealed that the purpose of embracing the research ethics indicates the requirement for non-therapeutic research through focusing on subjects’ protection. This is also to make sure that the research ethics should consider preventing abuse of human subjects’ abuse and their protection while carrying out the research (Akaranga & Makau, 2016). The article also explained certain important theories related with research ethics in maintaining business suitability that includes “imperfect or stressful environmental theory” that indicates a notion that a business institution has several pressures, incentives, ambitions in careers that persuades individuals or reasechers to shift from their norms and get involved in any misconduct. From analysing this article I can present a view that following ethics is significant in research as it can promote aims of research and can lead to error avoidance. Moreover, I can also provide an opinion that as any research involves increased cooperation and coordination among people of distinct disciplines, following ethical standards can promote values those are necessary for collaborate work in attaining reliable findings in research.
Ethical considerations in research: a case of the University of Nairobi
The article also indicated that a researcher should maintain business sustainability through remaining cautious in revealing their research findings and they might impede effective working relations with their sponsor (Akaranga & Makau, 2016). It is also evident if any researcher that is involved in such practice violates the major objective of the research ethics that renders them trustworthy that can mislead other scholars. From analysing the article, I can provide a viewpoint that research ethics is needed in any research for maintaining anonymity and maintaining secret through not identifying ethical or cultural background of survey respondents. At the time of carrying out the research a researcher must ensure to safeguard the information given in confidence by the respondents. Akaranga & Makau, (2016) also revealed in this research that informed consent also focuses on the respondent’s right to autonomy that is considered as the capability for self-determination in action as per the personal plan. Research needs cooperation along with coordination among distinct people along with different disciplines’, institutions and standards that will be ethical.
3. From the article, “A regrettable oversight or a significant omission? Ethical considerations in quantitative research in education”, it has been gathered that people deal with certain challenges particularly when they are estimated to make some ethical decisions. Moreover, the article also elaborated that ethics serves as a branch of philosophy which deals with the conduct of people along with guiding the standards or norms of people behaviour along with their relationship with one another. The article also clearly explained the views related with generation of social norms that centres on the fact that moral values are taught progressively in life that also impacts the manner in which reasechers interact within the society while carrying out a study. Jones, (2000) also signifies that “Situated ethics” within the educational research develops a particular notion that elaborates the manner in which ethical concerns are dealt by the educational reasechers within distinct fields.
From analysing the article, I developed an opinion that researchers deal with certain challenges particularly when they are estimated to make some ethical decisions. Moreover, I can also present an opinion that ethics serves as a branch of philosophy which deals with the conduct of people along with guiding the standards or norms of people behaviour along with their relationship with one another. Jones, (2000) ensured that there is a positive relationship between politics and ethics by evaluation of two particular dilemmas faced by reasechers they faced while carrying out evaluation of programme. The article also made an increased contribution in elaborating that ethical space evaluation practice is a situation where individuals are invited to make novel judgement regarding other researchers work. Moreover, this is also deemed to be guided by rules those govern the evaluation conduct. Moreover, the article also revealed that in ethics research, a white researcher confronts when carrying out research ethical issues tend to have resonance with other cultures (Jones, 2000). Moreover, informed consent is another ethical consideration that is followed within the qualitative and quantitative researches and is resulting from wide range of changes taking place in research regulation in business sustainability area. From findings gathered from this article, I have developed a viewpoint that research ethics can be implemented in any study through following three ethical principles. This includes respect for survey respondents through maintaining their privacy, beneficence through causing no harm to them and through keeping them informed about the objectives of the research.
Ethical considerations in quantitative research in education
4. From the article “Ethical issues in social science research: a review” it has been gathered that research ethics indicates as a complex set of values, standards as well as institutions scheme. This also supports in regulating and constituting scientific activity. Madushani, (2016) also revealed that research on social science is concerned with ethical concerns and social science analyse complex concerns that encompass legal, economic, cultural, economics and political phenomenon. From such explanation in this article, I can present an opinion that such complexity indicates that social science research requires concerning itself with moral integrity in order to ensure that the ethical research process and findings are trustworthy as well as valid. Madushani, (2016) also revealed that research associated with human subjects are needed to maintain respect for ethical concerns through attaining approval the institution’s “Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC)” before commencement. The article also elaborated that ethical concerns are turning out to be major concern in the social research.
For this reason it is deemed necessary for a social researcher carrying out a study to involve humans to apply for ethical clearance. After analysing the article, I can present a view that several complex issues associated with implementation of ethical principles to social research. Moreover, one of the major concerns that I revealed is related with convert study and it is questionable whether it is ethical in case of social science research scholars to convert a study. The article also revealed that such complexity indicates that social science research requires concerning itself ith moral integrity in order to ensure that the process and findings are trustworthy as well as valid. Madushani, (2016) also revealed that the reason for which Ethics Committees insist on the informed consent include making sure that the participants understand the type of issues of anonymity and confidentiality. The article also indicated that the objections to the approved consent forms have been raised specifically by reasechers working in certain type of managerial researches.
References
Akaranga, S.I. & Makau, B.K. (2016).Ethical considerations and their applications to research: a case of the University of Nairobi. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research, 3(12), 1-9.
Jelsma J. & Clow, S. (2005). Ethical issues relating to qualitative research. SA Journal of Physiotheraphy, 61(1), 3-6.
Jones, K. (2000). A regrettable oversight or a significant omission? Ethical considerations in quantitative research in education. In: H. Simons and R. Usher (Eds), Situated Ethics in Educational Research. London: Routledge,147-161.
Madushani, H.D.P. (2016). Ethical issues in social science research: areview. Journal of Social Statistics, 26-33.