Accounting Theory For Application Of General Purpose – Critical Analysis Of Caltex Australia Annual Report

Critical Analysis of Annual Report of Caltex Australia

The present report is developed for providing a critical analysis of the application of General Purpose Financial Reporting by business corporations. This is carried out by examining the effectiveness of an ASX listed business entity to meet the obligations of the conceptual framework of accounting. Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) ahs directed the all the business entities listed on ASX to follow the conceptual framework of accounting for improving the quality of financial reporting. The business entity selected is Caltex Australia Limited that is involved in purchasing, refining, distribution and selling the petroleum products within Australia and New Zealand. The critical analysis of the annual report of the selected business entity is done by comparing it with annual report of another corporation by considering their adherence to AASB, conceptual framework and corporation’s law. At last, the report also discusses the investment feasibility of the selected company for investors on the basis of critical analysis of its annual report.

Caltex Australia, an ASX listed entity, need to comply with AASB, conceptual framework and Corporations Law for developing and publishing its financial report. The company needs to adhere to all the principles of conceptual framework of accounting stated by IASB. The framework has stated relevance and faithful presentation of information to be fundamental characteristics of financial reporting. In addition to this, the enhanced qualitative characteristics of financial reporting as stated by the framework are understandability, comparability, verifiability and timeliness. The relevance feature of the accounting framework has stated that the financial information disclosed by an entity should have both a predictive and confirmatory value. Caltex Australia, has adopted the use of historical experience for estimating the expected value of financial items in the future context. The confirmatory value of financial items is also stated in the general purpose financial statement that is calculated by the use of specific accounting policies (Bazley and Robinson, 2014).

The faithful presentation of information characteristic of conceptual accounting framework has stated that the financial reports must disclose the information that is complete in all aspects and free from any type of materialistic error (Carlon, 2012). The company has complied with this principle also effectively as it has included the statement of director’s and auditors to ensure that financial report is faithfully

It can be stated form the statement of director’s and auditor’s that the company has developed the financial statements as per the accounting standards of AASB and following the corporation’s Law to present true and fair value of the key financial items such as assets, liabilities, equity and others. The company as per the understandability characteristic of conceptual accounting framework has disclosed the relevant accounting policies and methods that are used for developing the financial report. The notes section of the financial report of the company has discussed the type of accounting practices and techniques that are used in recording the value of key financial items as depicted .

Comparison of Caltex Australia with Origin Energy

The comparability characteristic of conceptual accounting framework has provided that business entities need to present the financial information in a comparable manner so that it is easy for the investors to analyze the percentage growth or decline in its financial performance as compared with the previous year. As per this characteristic, the general purpose financial statement of Caltex has been presented in a comparable format by depicting the comparisons of the key financial items value with that of the previous year (IFRS Conceptual Framework, 2018).  

The qualitative characteristic of verifiability should also be kept in mind by the accountants during the development of financial reports. Verifiability states that the financial information must be verifiable so that it can be verified by the end-users through the application of accounting methods (Gaffikin, 2007). In this context, the company has disclosed its financial information in a numerical format so that it can be easily verified. Also, as per the timeliness characteristic of financial information the company prepares and publishes the financial report on an annual basis (Caltex: Annual Report, 2017). Thus, it can be stated that the company has adhered to the AASB, conceptual framework and Corporations Law effectively for protecting the interests of investors as per the stakeholder theory. The theory has stated that a firm need to act in the interest of its stakeholders and should aim to maximize the value delivered to them. This can be done by a business entity effectively by complying with all the obligations of conceptual accounting framework which ensures that the financial information has presented true and fair value of the company to the stakeholders (Henderson and Howieson, 2015).

In this section of report financial performance of Caltex Australia has been compared with Origin Energy. Both these companies fall under ASX100 group and belong to energy industry of Australia. In order to evaluate the financial performance, ratio analysis was performed and its result has been shown below. The ratio analysis has been performed for year 2017.

Net Profit Ratio: This ratio determines the percentage of net profit earned by company on total revenue for the selected accounting period. The net profit of both the selected companies has been calculated for year 2017 and is presented in below table:

Formula: Net profit /Net Sales (Brigham & Michael, 2013)

Net Profit Ratio
Particulars	Caltex	Origin
	in thousand $
Net Profit	$         620,752.00	$   (2,223,000.00)
Net Sales	$   21,398,251.00	$   13,646,000.00
Net profit ratio	2.90%	-16.29%

(Origin Energy: Annual Report, 2017 & Caltex: Annual Report, 2017)

The above calculation indicates that profitability position of Caltex was much stronger as compared to Origin Energy as it has suffered the loss of -16.29% as against the profit of 2.90% earned by Caltex.

Asset turnover ratio: This ratio helps to determine efficiency of company to utilize the assets for the purpose converting them into revenue.

Formula: Net Sales/Average Total Assets (Ross, Jaffe & Kakani, 2008)

Asset Turnover Ratio
Particulars	Caltex	Origin
	in thousand $
Average Total Assets	$     5,828,977.00	$   27,052,000.00
Net Sales	$   21,398,251.00	$   13,646,000.00
Asset Turnover Ratio	367.10%	50.44%

(Origin Energy: Annual Report, 2017 & Caltex: Annual Report, 2017)

The effectiveness of Caltex realizes sales from utilizing its asset base is more as compared to Origin Energy. The assets turnover ratio of Caltex is 7 times more than the Origin Energy that clearly shows better efficiency position of Caltex in comparison to Origin Energy.

Current Ratio: This ratio explains the liquidity position of the company as it compares the current assets against the current liabilities. In other words, this ratio indicates the ability of company to pay the short term liabilities.

Formula: Current Assets/Current Liabilities (Brigham & Michael, 2013)

Current Ratio
Particulars	Caltex	Origin
	in thousand $
Current Assets	$     2,727,623.00	$      5,011,000.00
Current Liabilities	$     2,358,669.00	$      3,854,000.00
Current Ratio	1.16	1.30

(Origin Energy: Annual Report, 2017 &  Caltex: Annual Report, 2017)

The liquidity position of Origin Energy was better than the Caltex however both the companies have enough current assets to bear short term liabilities.

Earnings per Share: This ratio is very important form the investor’s point of view as it shows earnings realized by shareholders on each share.

Formula: Net Profit attributable to the shareholders/Weighted average number of equity shares (Ross, Jaffe & Kakani, 2008)

Earnings per share
Particulars	Caltex	Origin
	in thousand $
Net Profit attributable to shareholders	$         620,752.00	$   (2,223,000.00)
Number of Shares	261000.00	1,754,489
EPS (In $)	$                      2.38	$                  (1.27)

(Origin Energy: Annual Report, 2017 & Caltex: Annual Report, 2017)

EPS of Caltex was positive $ 2.38 while it was negative $1.27 for Origin Energy that clearly shows market performance of Caltex was much better than Origin Energy.

Recommendation and Conclusion

It can be stated from the overall discussion that the overall financial performance of Caltex is better as compared to its competitor Origin Energy. However, Caltex net profit percentage is not in year 2017 but it seems in future years there is huge scope of increase in its profitability performance.

Caltex has prepared its financial report according to provisions of General Purpose Financial Principles and followed the conceptual framework of accounting. There has been sufficient information presented in director’s declaration and auditor independence statement that clearly shows true and fair presentation of annual report.

Thus, it is recommended to the investors that if they have been given $10000 to invest in the company than they should make the investment in Caltex as it has good EPS and has stronger financial performance as compared to its competitor.

References

Bazley, M. & Robinson, P. (2014.) Contemporary Accounting PDF. Cengage Learning Australia.

Brigham, F., & Michael C. (2013). Financial management: Theory & practice. Cengage Learning.

Caltex: Annual Report. (2017). Retrieved 6 September, 2018 from https://www.caltex.com.au/our-company/investor-centre/annual-reports-and-reviews 

Carlon, S. (2012). Accounting, Google eBook: Building Business Skills. John Wiley & Sons.

Gaffikin, M. (2007). Corporate Accounting in Australia. UNSW Press.

Henderson, S. & Howieson, B. (2015). Issues in Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU.

IFRS Conceptual Framework. (2018). Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. Retrieved 6 September, 2018 from https://www.ifrs.org/-/media/project/conceptual-framework/fact-sheet-project-summary-and-feedback-statement/conceptual-framework-project-summary.pdf 

Origin Energy: Annual Report. (2017). Retrieved 6 September, 2018 from https://www.originenergy.com.au/content/dam/origin/about/investors-media/annual%20review%202017/AnnualReport_FY2017.pdf 

Ross, A., Jaffe, J. & Kakani, R.K. (2008). Corporate Finance. Pearson.